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Resistance movement - Wikipedia. A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objectives through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed.
In many cases, as for example in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non- violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country. Organizations and individuals critical of foreign intervention and supporting forms of organized movement (particularly where citizens are affected) tend to favor the term. When such a resistance movement uses violence, those favorably disposed to it may also speak of freedom fighters. On the lawfulness of armed resistance movements in international law, there has been a dispute between states since at least 1. In the Preamble to the 1.
Hague Convention II on Land War, the Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs- tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants. Paragraph 4 to armed conflicts . The term is still strongly linked to the context of the events of 1. However, such movements existed prior to World War II, (albeit often called by different names), and there have been many after it . This frequently includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting tyranny. Some resistance movements are underground organizations engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under military occupation or totalitarian domination.
Bengaluru, Nov 2 (PTI): The Karnataka High Court today questioned the state government's logic behind celebrating the birth anniversary of Tipu Sultan, observing he wasn't a freedom fighter but a monarch who fought to. The Karnataka High Court today questioned the state government's logic behind celebrating the birth anniversary of Tipu Sultan, observing he wasn't a freedom fighter but a monarch who fought to safeguard his interests.
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Tactics of resistance movements against a constituted authority range from nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, to industrial sabotage and guerrilla warfare, or even conventional warfare if the resistance movement is strong enough. Any government facing violent acts from a resistance movement usually condemns such acts as terrorism, even when such attacks target only the military or security forces. Resistance during World War II was mainly dedicated to fighting the Axis occupiers. Germany itself also had an anti- Nazi German resistance movement in this period. Although the United Kingdom did not suffer invasion in World War II, preparations were made for a British resistance movement in the event of a German invasion (see Auxiliary Units)Geographies of resistance.
In 1974, the USAF staged the Air Combat Fighter (ACF) competition explored the idea of adding lightweight fighters to complement the very expensive F-15. The two competitors were the General Dynamics YF-16 Fighting Falcon and. Who was Samuel Evans Stokes? Some might remember him as the American who, in the early years of the 20th century, fought relentlessly against impressed labour, in the Shimla hills, and eventually forc. Looking for statistics on the fastest, tallest or longest roller coasters? Find it all and much more with the interactive Roller Coaster Database. Freedom Fighters (comics), a number of fictional superhero teams in comic books published by DC Comics, and two comics series featuring these teams; Freedom Fighter, Lee Hoe-young, a 2010 South Korean television series. A person engaged in armed rebellion or resistance against an oppressive government or foe. The Freedom Fighter Tactical Finished Titanium Full-Length Magazine Tube for the Benelli M4 Shotgun.
So, resistance is often understood as something that always opposes to power or domination. However, some scholars believe and argue that looking at resistance in relation to only power and domination will not provide us a full understanding of the actual nature of resistance. Not all power, domination or oppression leads to resistance, and not all cases of resistance are against or to oppose what we categorize as . From this perspective, assumptions about the domination/resistance couplet become questionable. In fact, resistance should be understood not only in relations to domination and authority, but also through other experiences, such as . There are various forms of resistance for various reasons, which then can be, again, classified as violent and nonviolent resistance (and . Furthermore, in order to understand any resistance, .
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The reason is that these variations can define the nature and outcome of resistance. Harvey (1. 99. 3), who looked at resistance in relations to capitalist economic exploitation, took on a fire accident happened in the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina in 1. He compared this accident with a similar fire accident at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, New York, 1. For an effective resistance, he proposed that four tasks should be undertaken: First, social justice must be defined from the perspective of the oppressed; second, a hierarchy of the oppressions has to be defined.
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Some resistance takes place in order to oppose, change, or reform the exploitation of the capitalist economic systems and the capitals, while other resistance takes place against the state or authority in power. Moreover, some other resistance takes place in order to resist or question the social/culture norms or discourse or in order to challenge a global trend called . For example, LGBT social movements. Resistance can also be mapped in various scales ranging from local to national to regional and to global spaces. We can look at a big- scale resistance movement such as Anti- globalization movement. Or we can look at the Internal resistance to South African apartheid.
Most, if not all, social movements can be considered as some forms of resistance. Not all resistance takes place in physical spaces or geographies but in .
Some resistance happens in the form of Protest Art. Music can be used and has been used as a tool or space to resist certain oppression or domination. The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW. In other cases, people sometimes simply resist to certain ideology, belief, or culture norms within their minds.
These kinds of resistance are less visible but very fundamental parts of all forms of resistance. Controversy regarding definition. According to Joint Publication 1- 0. United States Department of Defense defines a resistance movement as . In strict military terminology, a resistance movement is simply that; it seeks to resist (change) the policies of a government or occupying power. This may be accomplished through violent or non- violent means.
In this view, a resistance movement is specifically limited to changing the nature of current power, not to overthrow it; and the correct. However, in reality many resistance movements have aimed to displace a particular ruler, especially if that ruler has gained or retained power illegally. Freedom fighter. Notable examples include the Ulster volunteer force, Umkhonto we Sizwe in South Africa, the Sons of Liberty in the American Revolution the Eritrean People's Liberation Front and the National Resistance Army in Uganda, which were considered freedom fighters by supporters.
However, a person who is campaigning for freedom through peaceful means may still be classed as a freedom fighter, though in common usage they are called political activists, as in the case of the Black Consciousness Movement. People described as freedom fighters are often also called assassins, rebels, insurgents or terrorists. This leads to the aphorism . During the Cold War, under Ronald Reagan's Reagan Doctrine, the term freedom fighter was used by the United States and other Western Bloc countries to describe rebels in countries controlled by communist states or otherwise under the influence of the Soviet Union, including rebels in Hungary, the anti- communist. Contras in Nicaragua, UNITA in Angola and the multi- factional mujahideen in Afghanistan. During the Cold War, partisans often received arms from either NATO or Warsaw Pact member states.
Forces sympathetic to the communist ideology often received aid from the latter in the form of military equipment. Where partisan resources ares stretched, improvised weapons are also deployed. Examples of resistance movements. These are mostly, but not exclusively, of armed resistance movements. For movements and phases of activity involving non- violent methods, see civil resistance and nonviolent resistance.
Pre- 2. 0th century. In 1. 79. 7, a state of guerrillawarfare existed between indigenous people and the settler communities in Western Sydney. The aboriginals were led by Pemulwuy, a member of the Bidjigal tribe who occupied the land. Lord Wellington remarked that it was extraordinary that the French had managed to remain in the country for so long (about 4 years).
Carbonari . Resistance movement ended when Jandamarra was shot dead by a native tracker. Tsali . Executed in exchange for the survival of his band, the band were integrated into the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Osceola . Resisted deportation during the Indian Removal era. Led a number of successes until being captured by the United States during faux peace talks, died a few months later in prison.
Francis Marion was a Revolutionary War partisan who led a partisan guerrilla movement against the British. Bushwhackers were Confederate guerrillas who engaged in raids, robberies, and massacres against the Union forces and affiliated citizens.
Continued resisting for some years after the American Civil War ended. Responsible for the Lawrence Massacre. Jayhawkers were Union guerrillas who engaged in the same acts as the bushwhackers did, they were also active during Bleeding Kansas, most prominent member was John Brown responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry. The Yellow Turbans were peasant rebels against the Eastern Han Dynasty, led by Zhang Jue, was crushed due to lack of coordination with other Yellow Turban groups as well as destabilization. The Abbasid Revolution overthrows the Umayyad dynasty under Abu Muslim, was caused by discrimination against non- Arab. Muslims and government corruption. The Mamluks were Turkic slaves who overthrew the Ayyubid dynasty.
The Jacobite Risings were a series of rebellions, uprisings, and wars to reinstate the Stuart dynasty. The Kataas- Taasang, Ka- Galang- galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak Ng Bayan (KKK) was an orginization in the Philippines which instigated the Philippine Revolution in 1.
Spanish colonials. The resut would be the dissolution of the Republic of Biak na Bato and the exile of the Philippine Government, headed by Emillo Aguinaldo. Pre. ISBN 0- 1. 4- 0. Rupert Ticehurst (1.
The life and works of Martens as detailed by V. Kalshoven, Constraints on the Waging of War, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1. Khan, Ali (Washburn University .
Steve Pile (1. 99. Retrieved 1 September 2.